Rate Limiting & Backpressure

When demand outruns capacity, a system either sheds load gracefully or collapses. This quiz walks the full path: the algorithms (token vs. leaky bucket, fixed vs. sliding window), where to enforce a limit (per-IP vs. per-user, client-side debounce/throttle), how to communicate it (429, Retry-After, backoff with jitter), and how backpressure propagates through Node.js streams so a slow consumer doesn't exhaust memory. Every answer is computed, executed, or cited against the relevant spec.